Patient Risk Essay Example for Free

Tolerant Risk Essay This case of an intelligent exposition is introduced in relationship with Price, B and Harrington, A (2013) Critical Thinking and Writing for Nursing Students, London, Learning Matters. Perusers are acquainted with the procedure of basic and intelligent reasoning and the interpretation of these into coursework that will assist them with achieving better evaluations in nursing courses. Stewart, Raymet, Fatima and Gina are four understudies who share their learning venture all through the sections of the book. In this article on the evaluation of torment, Raymet shows her intelligent composing aptitudes close to the furthest limit of her course. Raymet had by this stage composed a few intelligent practice papers and increased great imprints. This time however she was urged to extend her appearance, estimating specifically on how the record of agony experienced by a patient (Mrs Drew) may assist her with working all the more inventively with quiet recognitions and detailed needs. N.B. Keep in mind, duplicating expositions, for example, this, submitting them all in all or to some extent for evaluation purposes, without crediting the wellspring of the material, may leave you open to the charge of literary theft. Noteworthy assents may follow for medical attendants who do this, including referral to the Nursing and Midwifery Council. Evaluating Mrs Drew’s Pain Mc Caffery and Pasero (1999) express that torment is the thing that the patient says it is. On the off chance that we acknowledge that point, at that point attendants need to investigate the patient’s view of torment, just as their report of encounters. The two are not exactly the equivalent. Patients may report their agony in an assortment of ways, subject to the nature and the power of torment and the setting in which it is felt (for example regardless of whether they are ever occupied from the torment). Their impression of torment is somewhat more however and it incorporates the implying that the agony has for them. It incorporates clarification of why the agony is there in any case, what it demonstrates about their body and what it couldâ suggest may occur later on (showing signs of improvement, deteriorating). The attendant surveys the record of torment shared by the patient, and this might be given as a story. This is the manner by which it started, this is the means by which it felt, this is the thing that that intended to me and this is the thing that I did about it (Mishler et al. 2006) In this exposition I investigate the evaluation of agony as led with one multi year old patient whom I will call Mrs Drew. While the paper portrays an evaluation of agony with a solitary patient, I attempt to share too a few thoughts and questions this incites inside me about torment appraisal all the more by and large. Mrs Drew made me consider different patients, future evaluations and what I needed to do as a medical attendant to support patients. To help structure this paper I utilize the system portrayed by Gibbs (1988). While the scene concerned relates a phase in Mrs Drew’s ailment when she tested her treatment convention, it likewise incorporates a portion of the recollections and contemplations that this patient alludes to in regards to her previous disease and past methods of adapting to torment. Specifically, it incited me to address how much I as a medical attendant ought to suggest absense of pain, drawing on what I had been educated about the effective control o f agony. I had discovered that it was smarter to control instead of to pursue torment ( for example Mann and Carr, 2006; Forbes, 2007). Mrs Drew was determined to have lung malignant growth a year sooner and had at first had her disease rewarded by chemotherapy. This had helped her to accomplish a reduction that went on for almost ten months (Hunt et al, 2009 portray the visualization of this infection). The malignant growth had returned however and spread to her spine and it was here that she encountered the majority of her pain.It was at this phase the specialists clarified that her consideration would now be coordinated towards her solace instead of a cureâ€to which she had answered, ‘you mean palliative care’. Mrs Drew was upheld at home by her significant other Neil and visited all the time by network based attendants to whom I was appended as a major aspect of my understudy nurture preparing. She was endorsed oral morphine and could choose inside expressed cutoff points what number of tablets she could take in any one 24 hour time frame. The circumstance I had visited Mrs Drew on a few events over the time of a month when the network medical attendant and I were stood up to by a sad patient who declared that she didn't wish to take the oral sedatives very as frequently as we were suggesting. As she talked she held her husband’s hand firmly, looking across to him as she depicted her encounters and sentiments about the issue. Indeed, there had been some awful evenings when the agony had woken her and she needed to sit up and sit in front of the TV to attempt to divert herself. Truly, once in a while the torment caused her to feel queasy, however she was frightened at how much of the time she was taking the ‘pain tablets’ and how this affected her about herself. Anyway very much implied the medicine was, it didn’t feel stately to be so dependent on drugs, or so languid and inert for such a high level of the day. While the absense of pain was functioning admirably when she took the tablets, the personal satisfaction wasn’t what she needed. The people group nurture listened calmly to Mrs Drew and afterward clarified that it was entirely expected to have alarm minutes about such medicine. Morphine had a notoriety, one that individuals related with abuse of medications, instead of their helpful use. Utilized all the time, the medication wouldn’t cause compulsion and it would give a lot of consolation to Mr Drew also. The people group nurture expressed that she was very certain that he regarded his wife’s need to rest when she wished and to assemble the musicality of the day around her needs. Now Mrs Drew shook her husband’s hand, and stated, ‘tell her†¦tell her what we’ve talked about!’ Mr Drew at that point clarified that his significant other was accustomed to managing torment, she had endured repetitive undeniable irritation and shoulder after a street car crash a few years prior. The torment had here and there been extreme, yet he had kneaded her shoulders and utilized warmth packs that she discovered calming. They had concluded that they wished to utilize this method presently, saving the morphine for supreme crises, when she was losing rest and couldn’t eat because of the distress. The people group nurture guaranteed them that they were accountable for the absense of pain and would be permitted to settle on their own choices. She began to make notes however, and declared that she was making a referral to the malignancy torment facility, something that would assist them with taking supply of the circumstance. There was awesome motivation to assume this may be an issue related with picking the correct dose of theâ morphine, instead of utilizing supplemental relief from discomfort measures. Mrs Drew reacted strongly, ‘You’re not tuning in to me however Jane (the network nurse’s nameâ€a alias utilized here), I need to utilize heat packs rather than morphine, in any event during the day. I need to be progressively buzzing with my husband.’ The people group nurture guaranteed Mrs Drew that she had heard what she had said and regarded her perspective. There would however be nothing lost by utilizing the facility to increase a further keep an eye on this issue. With that she pardoned us, clarifying that we had a further arrangement that morning and we left, having watched that Mrs Drew had an adequate flexibly of her various drugs. As we strolled to the vehicle the network nurture felt for Mrs Drew’s situation, saying that on the off chance that she had lung malignancy she would most likely try in vain as well. She would connect for things that appeared to be increasingly typical, and afterward watched, ‘but this isn’t ordinary is it, the agony she has isn’t typical. It’s not only a whip lash injury and old age.’ Emotions I recall that during this scene feeling a blend of disarray, shock, outrage and feebleness. Mrs Drew had shocked me by the manner in which she had spoken, utilizing what appeared to be an arranged declaration. They had hung tight for and maybe practiced this second. Nothing I would say to date had set me up for such an experience, at any rate in such conditions, where we as medical attendants were so clearly attempting to help the patient. It was just later that I considered the scene a showdown. Mr and Mrs Drew had stood up to the network medical caretaker and I had been the to a great extent quiet observer to the occasion. As the conversation continued I made strong commotions, commenting how valuable warmth packs here and there were and looking across at Jane, who appeared to flag with her demeanor that I should leave this discussion to her. I was attempting to peruse her responses to the Drew’s focuses and reasoned that in the event that I couldn’t bolster her conte ntions to the patient, at that point I ought to stay quiet. There were issues here that I maybe hadn’t enough experience to manage, at any rate, while ‘thinking on my feet’. My underlying displeasure (with Mrs Drew for not recognizing all that we were attempting to do) immediately became uprooted towards my associate Jane. During the occasion I couldn’t clarify why that was, yet a short time later, when I made notes, I understood that it was on the grounds that she appeared to have set the plan as far as she could tell and to require the patient to consent to worries of her own. Put rather roughly, Jane appeared to state, listen I think about these things, this is a stage, a tension; you can work through this. I accepted now that she had missed the criticalness of the occasion, the manner by which the Drew’s had masterminded the discussion. For them, this was not a stage by any stretch of the imagination, however a considered and significant choice, one that they needed the medical attendants to acknowledge (Freshwater, 2002 and Edwards and Elwyn, 2009 accentuate the significance of arranged consideration arranging). My sentiments of weakness were related unequivocally with my absence of clinical experience. I have met this previously. Regardless

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

American History - Essay Example tilize the division and disdain that existed at the time inside the lobbies of intensity in Europe to propel the early position that the United States engendered.1 As a for example, Washington and others effectively pursued France and looked to curry favor inside the lobbies of French force as a methods for making sure about both monetary and military help during and after the American Revolution.2â So extraordinary was the degree of affection showed for the French during this time residents of the recently shaped United States tried to separate from themselves completely of almost every property and aspect that associated them to England.â Again, despite the fact that Nicole makes a significant point concerning the degree that Washington tried to remove the United States from European quarrels that so frequently reverted into remote wars, he was not restricted to kneading the opposite side of the issue and trying to work shared abhorrence, doubt, and disdain for England towards his, and the nation’s,

Renaissance Art Research Paper Essay Example

Renaissance Art Research Paper Essay Renaissance craftsmanship was conceived in the second 50% of the fourteenth century and kept on creating all through the fifteenth and sixteenth hundreds of years, step by step covering in a steady progression, all the nations of Europe. Renaissance workmanship mirrored the particular idea of the transitional age. Renaissance, which was firmly connected to Florence and its general public, is without a doubt one of the most energizing throughout the entire existence of Western human advancement. It not just indicated the world an entire universe of craftsmen and humanist masterminds, yet at the same time adds to the advancement of logical idea, the arrangement of high culture, and is an extraordinary instructor of the excellent. Arrangement of another culture has become an issue essentially humanistic savvy people, in their root and economic wellbeing rather diverse and heterogeneous. Thoughts, set forward by humanists, were hard to describe as â€Å"bourgeois† or â€Å"early bourgeois.† In the way of life of the Italian Renaissance there was established the core of another viewpoint, the particular highlights that characterized Renaissance. It was created by the new requests of life itself, as humanists energetically looked for accomplishing more significant levels of training for an adequately wide segment of society. We will compose a custom exposition test on Renaissance Art Research Paper explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Renaissance Art Research Paper explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Renaissance Art Research Paper explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The inception of essentials of the new humanistic viewpoint is all the more explicitly connected with dynamic inclinations in the advancement of otherworldly culture of Europe 12-13 centuries. Urban non-church schools and established on their premise colleges turned into the focal point of common information, mirroring the requirements of social turn of events. In the early Renaissance, the inquiry started to emerge of how common or open workmanship ought to be, the means by which human-centric, what was the man’s place in it. Handy brush, complex organization, point of view (three-dimensional artistic creation), shading, light, brilliance, light and shadow, feeling and careful quality in the work these were the fundamental attributes of Renaissance craftsmanship. Legendary and scriptural characters were integral to the craftsmen of the period. The human body was the fundamental wellspring of motivation and the object of study in the craft of the Renaissance. Comparability with reality has arrived at such a degree, that the characters delineated in progress, appeared to be alive not at all like introduced by the craft of the twentieth century, where, for instance, in a work of art by Georges Seurat individuals are increasingly similar to fossils. For craftsmen and researchers the human body was a vast source. They continually improve their insight and abilities by examining the human body. Physical flawlessness mirrored the predominant view at that point, that man was made in the picture and similarity of God. The divine beings were truly embodied and portrayed as individuals with highlights that were inborn in an individual, in contrast to the show-stoppers of the Middle Ages. Understudies trying to set up a respectable research proposition should utilize free model renaissance craftsmanship inquire about paper. These free example can be an incredible wellspring of significant information whenever composed appropriately. It is safe to say that you are searching for a first rate custom research paper on Renaissance Art themes? Is secrecy as essential to you as the high caliber of the item? Attempt our composing administration at EssayLib.com! We can offer you proficient help at reasonable rates. Our accomplished PhD and Master’s essayists are prepared to consider your littlest requests. We promise you 100% validness of your paper and guarantee you of dead on time conveyance. Continue with the request structure: If it's not too much trouble don't hesitate to visit us at EssayLib.com and get familiar with our administration!

CLABSI” Change Project for the “PICU” - 275 Words

CLABSI† Change Project for the â€Å"PICU† (Essay Sample) Content: CLABSI" Change Project for the "PICUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Name Institution CLABSI" Change Project for the "PICUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The selected change management is the inclusion of dressing chances, sterile cap changes, and closed system medication administration as part of universal policy and procedure for central line care. The Need for Change Hospital acquired infections poses an unending challenge to most health systems globally. It is estimated that 0.7 million hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are recorded in USA resulting in over 75,000 deaths and approximately $45 billion in extra health care costs. Central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSIs) are identified as the commonest HIAs with a mortality rate of 12-25%. Approximately 41,000 patients in the USA report central line-associated infection annually. The risks of acquiring CLABSIs are increased by bacterial colonization at the insertion site, catheter placement in the arm or leg instead of the chest, catheterization longer than two days, and insertion with less stringent barriers precautions. However, CLABSIs are largely preventable with the necessary quality management policies and practices. IHI (2012) reported that approximately 90% of all CLABSI are as a result of CVC use, leading to increased length of stay, increased the cost of care, and high mortality rates. With evidence-based preventative guidelines, such as evidence-based central line insertion bundles, it is possible to prevent them. Selected Change Process The change process will be managed using Lewinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s change model. According to Marquis and Huston (2014) Lweinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model of change involves the unfreezing, change, and refreezing phases. Each of the three phases involves different activities and different change agents who drive the change process. Freezing Processes The following change plan is designed to help the health facilities improve CLABSIs rate. Change management is a fundamental element that ought to be included to maintain improvement in the management of central line. Establishing a strategy for accountability and acceptance of the change strategy significantly increase the chances of succeeding and sustaining of improvements. According to Marquis and Huston (2014), the unfreezing phase entails gathering the necessary data, diagnosing the problem accurately, deciding the necessary change, and making the others aware of the need or change. Therefore, the unfreezing phase will involve pre-implementation initiatives that will focus on building a strong basis for the project by assessing the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s culture for change, projecting the intended change, establishing a comprehensive and practical solution, engaging the right stakeholders, and defining a common vision. The project team will solicit support and active i nvolvement; obtain buy-in and accountability for the outcomes not only from nurses, but from the entire care team and health executives. It is also critical to understand any potential source of resistance for the plan and develop an action plan or strategy to overcome the resistance to change. The change process will be aligned with the overall business strategy and ensure that the organization has the capacity and ability to sustain the change process. The leader should be actively visible in the initiative and support frequent communication regarding all elements of the initiative. The freezing phase entails the process of overcoming the challenges and barriers to the change process and promoting the quality culture within the organization. It will involve staff training/ educating on the evidence. The greatest barrier to evidence-based practice is lack of employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ knowledge of the existing evidence. Therefore, the first step will be to educate employees about the evidence-based practices and encourage them to implement these practices to overcome their current culture. Movement Phase In the movement phase, an implementing team will be established with the aim of developing the implementation plan, goals, and objectives and set the specific milestone dates. The team will also outline the various strategies, mainly training in this case, that will be used to change the current PICU CLABSIs protocols and procedures. Additionally, the phase will involve implementing the identified strategy and soliciting support from all the stakeholders and implement the strategies to overcome barriers or resistance to change. Refreezing Phase The refreezing phase will involve monitoring and evaluation process to ensure the goals and objectives are achieved. It entails ensuring long-term executive support for a quality culture and creating an effective feedback system that allow communication and learning from incidents. Additionally, the new procedures will be integrated in new employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ orientation and structures established to ensure continued learning among all ICU staff. The refreezing phase will also entail celebrating the small milestones made by the department and establishing stable reward systems that encourage employees to observe the unit-based quality program. Steps of the Change Process The program will be composed of five core steps as outlined by AHQR (2011). 1. Education on the importance of embracing a culture of safety The education will emphasize the core principles of safety, the appreciation of culture as part of the hospital work system, and the role interdisciplinary approach. 2. Identifying the current defects and patient safety barriers in the unit. The participating team will be directed to identify, prioritize, and eliminate barriers to patient safety in ICU. They will brainstorm on how patients are harmed in the unit and how the team can overcome those barriers 3. Collaboration with the executive Hospital executives will review the identified barriers to implement the safety guidelines and ensure the team has the necessary resources and support to implement the improvement plan. 4. Learning from the defects The implementing team will use root cause analysis to learn from incidents and whether the intervention is yielding the expected outcomes 5. Implementing communication and teamwork tools. Change Agents and Their Role The implementing team will be unit-based for each participating ICU. It will be comprised of a team-leader, physician champion, executive champion, and bedside registered nurses from each scheduled shift. The team leader will be the ICU manager. He/she will be the primary contact within the team who will organize, articulate the objectives of the project, and define decisions using the collective contribution of the team, promote, and facilitate good teamwork, and disseminate information to team members. The suggested physician champion will be the designated ICU medical director who will be in charge of advancing the project, bridging communication gaps and securing buy-in from other physicians and staff to participate in the project.Therefore, the physician champion will possesses three fundamental skills that include team leadership, communication skills planning, and evaluating skills. The executive champion will be the hospital chief nursing officer (CNO) due to the organization al reporting structure, the critical relationship between the role of CNOS, quality initiatives, and outcomes. The executive representative is a senior leader who works with the quality team and assumes an active role in the planned process. The direct connection of this senior leadership with other health executives will help guarantee the initiative is embraced hospital-wide, and the program remains an organization-wide project. Involving staff registered nurses from every shift will provide the necessary expertise and patient care knowledge to maintain and sustain the effects and success of the project (McMullan et al., 2013). Fundamental skills for the executive champion include taking responsibility, mobilizing the efforts of others, and Critical members to be included, such as quality and safety specialists, pharmacists, RTs and IPs Internal and External Forces that Relates to the Change Process As a quality improvement initiative, the change process is influenced by the Joint Commission principles, agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ), and institute for healthcare improvement. These are some of the external organizations and agencies that support and promote quality improvement initiatives in healthcare organizations and they provide guidelines and resources to support the development and maintenance of a quality culture. The current change initiatives are also influenced by CDC guidelines on the management of CLBSIs in pediatric ICUs. The change process integrates a safety culture planned to train and improve staff responsiveness to safety and care quality, empowering staff to assume responsibility and improve safety in their units, creating a partnership between hospital executives and departments to improve hospital culture and providing improvement facilities, and providing tools for measuring outcomes. It will integrate collaboration, communication, and leadership efforts to establish and support a safety culture (Kim, Holtom,Vigen, 2011). The initiative will use a collaborative framework in which the frontline stakeholders include interdisciplinary teams from the participating units and departments. It will be executed and monitored at the ICU unit level and will involve lead patient care providers and quality management personnel within the facility. Rationale for Change The CDC recommends five evidence-based procedures which are identified as lowest implementation barriers and the greatest effects of rates on CLABSI. They include: hand hygiene before catheter insertion, application of maximum sterile barrier precautions, use of chlorhexidine to treat antisepsis, avoi...

Research Paper Woman Suffrage - 2793 Words

Research Paper: Woman suffrage In most modern governments, such as the United States of America, give the right to vote to almost every responsible adult citizen. There were limiters on the right to vote when the US Constitution was written, and the individual states were allowed to setup their own rules governing who was allowed to vote. Women were denied the right to vote until the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution which was passed in 1920. In order to understand how women struggled to obtain the right to vote, some key factors must be looked at in further detail; why suffrage rights were not defined in the Constitution, the efforts that women put forth to obtain the right to vote, why there are present-day restrictions on†¦show more content†¦(Sneider, 2008, p. 5) When they were annexing lands and other countries after the war with Span, they had to actually define what a citizen was. This opened up forums for the women to discuss their own goal and ideals. One interesting point about t he woman suffrage movement is that it ended up impacting the actual definition of citizenship. After 1929, the view of â€Å"imperial democracy† for foreign governments overseas did allow for women suffrage. (Sneider, 2008, p. 6) A major step for the suffragist movement was when the Fourteenth Amendment was passed. The amendment gave women â€Å"new status as national citizens† and allowed them to argue that they should be given the right to vote now that they have equal protection, due process and citizenship. (Sneider, 2008, p. 10) During the Reconstruction period, the views on woman suffrage had changed to being labeled a â€Å"benchmark of progress and the successful expansion of democratic values†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sneider, 2008) for the United States. A major step for the suffragist movement was when women actually had the opportunity to ask congress directly for the right to vote. These moments came during the Reconstruction period when the expansion of the U nited States gave the suffragists an opening. When western areas were acquired after the war with Spain, voting rights became an issue. (Sneider, 2008) Because of the influx of new territory andShow MoreRelatedRalph Waldo Emersons Connection To Transcendentalism1223 Words   |  5 Pageshttps://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/first-age-reform/essays/transcendentalism-and-social-reform. Emerson s support for women s suffrage prompted him to write A Reasonable Reform to promote anti-suffrage and allow women to vote so that it [brings] together a cultivated society of both sexes. Ralph Waldo Emerson, A Reasonable Reform (1881), in Women s Suffrage Association (Cambridge: Radcliffe College, 1848-1921), 1-3. 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Financial Markets Assignment free essay sample

Explain how interest rates decline following major Fed purchases of mortgage-backed securities. The FED implements quantitative easing by buying financial assets of longer maturity, e. g. , mortgage-backed securities, from commercial banks and other private institutions in order to inject a pre-determined quantity of money into the economy. This is a means of stimulating the economy and lowering longer-term interest rates further out on the yield curve; quantitative easing increases the excess reserves of the banks, and raises the prices of the financial assets bought, which lowers their yield. Graphically, this can be explained with the aid of Figure below. The supply of money is shifted from point 1 to the right (MS1 to MS2) and, all else equal, the new equilibrium point (with aggregate money demand curve) is at point 2, where the interest rate is lower. i i1 i2 AD1 MS1 MS2 Quantity of Money 2. What could be the implications of lower interest rates for households and businesses? By implanting the policy of purchasing mortgage-backed securities, the FED has set its sight on increasing consumption and investment, which will ultimately increase employment. As described in question one Bernanke’s policy decreased interest rates to new record lows, encouraging borrowing for both businesses and households. The ability to borrow money at more attractive rates stimulates investment in durable consumer goods, such as automobiles, and in operational necessities such as buildings and capital equipment for businesses. Indeed, after the implementation of the policy mortgage applications increased significantly. Because of low interest rates households and businesses as investors could shift their preference away from bonds and into stocks. According to frbsf. org, the increase in stock trading volume has the effect of raising the value of existing stock portfolios, which in turn stimulates consumer and spending across the country due to the psychological effects of rapid capital appreciation. Lower interest rates can have negative effects on the value of the local currency compared to other currencies. As foreign investors dump their local-denominated investments in favor of more profitable currencies, exchange rates can shift to the detriment of the local currency. The weakening of the local currency serves to increase the attractiveness of local goods to foreign purchasers, which has the effect of boosting exports and international sales. All of the factors mentioned above have the combined effect of increasing productive output, or GDP, and increasing employment across a wide range of industries. As individuals, businesses and foreign investors are encouraged to spend more due to increased access to capital, higher portfolio valuations and weaker currency values, businesses in nearly every sector experience an increase in sales, often requiring them to grow their operations and employ additional labor. However, there are some negative implications from this policy. Without a strong commitment to control inflation over the long run, the risk of higher inflation is one potential implication of experiencing real interest rates below the economy’s natural interest rate. Low interest rates provide a powerful incentive to spend rather than save. In the short term, this may not matter much, but over a longer period, low interest rates penalize savers and those who rely heavily on interest income. If short-term interest rates are low relatively to long-term rates, households and firms may overinvest in long-term assets, such as Treasury securities. If interest rates rise unexpectedly, the value of those assets will fall (bond prices and yields move in opposite directions), exposing investors to substantial losses. Finally, low short-term interest rates reduce the profitability of money market funds, which are key providers of short-term credit for many (large) firms, e. g. the commercial paper market. 3. Explain the Fed’s policy dilemma and try to rationalize why unemployment in the US is stubbornly high while inflation is low. Based on the theory of the Philip’s curve diagram we notice that there is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment. Stated simply the lower the unemployment in an economy the higher the rate of inflation. Philip’s Curve Inflation Unemployment The explanation of the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment is based on two assumptions. The first has to do with the fact that as unemployment rises there is no room for workers and labor unions to demand an increase so a wage inflation that would increase the prices of the final products cannot occur. Secondly high unemployment is a reflection of the decline in economic output and indicates an economy’s slowdown. Therefore competition among firms in recession will lead the prices at lower levels. But this is not the case currently in the US since we observe high unemployment and low inflation. The FED is concerned about the unemployment rate and in an effort to stimulate the economy and improve the labor market conditions it started implementing the quantitative easing policy. So the FED purchased MBS, helped banks to rebuilt their balance sheets, contributed into maintaining price stability, preserved interest rates near zero for more than three years, and prevented the economy from slipping into greater recession. Despite all these efforts the situation in the labor market did not improve. Apparently the fact that unemployment is still very high depicts the limitations of the monetary policy. The low business confidence, policy uncertainty, and the government’s reluctance to act are beyond the FED’s capacity. What is more the infinite use of the quantitative easing may produce undesirable effects in the long run such as stagflation. The only optimal solution under these circumstances is the co ordination of the FED’s monetary policy with the government’s fiscal policy plan that could boost the society’s confidence. . Do you think that another round of quantitative easing (QE) by the Fed would help stimulate the US economy? Please explain. The FED declared that the use of QE will be aggressively continued until the economy is improved. The cash injections into the economy helped interest rates to remain at low levels. Consequently everyone wins from this decision in the short run; homeowners can borrow at historical low levels of inter est rate, corporations can also take advantage of this act and invest, consumption increased and also the banks increased their profits and the stocks record a growth. So as long as the QE is active in the short run everyone is a winner. But in the long run things become vague. First of all historical evidence shows that despite the fact that interest rates may be at levels near zero it remains uncertain whether this will be the incentive to boost the actual economy. Secondly the fact that consumers will have more money to spend but fewer goods to buy might lead to a hyper inflation. Furthermore by repeating the use of QE is very possible to lead to a liquidity trap, unless the economy finds ways to stimulate production. Last but not least the FED’s decision to inject cash into the economy by purchasing MBS is questionable; Mortgage backed securities entail the risk of defaulting once again as they did in the real estate crisis and that would cost the Americans a lot more money repeating the history that started back in the September of 2001. To sum up the use of QE is indeed very effective but only in the short run. Short periods of economic recession can be avoided by stimulating the economy temporarily through cash injections but to maintain growth on the real economy we need to improve labor market conditions, productivity, innovation and bolster the economy’s confidence. So a combination of fiscal and monetary policy is the only way to prevent an economy from collapsing, and also is this is the only way to avoid a possible systemic risk that will negatively affect all the institutions and individuals. . How is a loose Fed monetary policy in the US affecting fundamentals (such as inflation, asset and commodity prices) in other countries? What does that imply about global monetary policy? Since the dollar is the vehicle currency in the global economy almost every country is tied to its value and everyone is affected by the monetary decisions of the FED. By the QE, the supply of dollars is increased and consequently the dollar depreciates against foreign currencies. This means that America’s exports will increase and on the contrary the imports will decrease. So countries trading with the US fear about the capital inflows and the possible inflation on commodities. On the other hand the FED support that there can be no further inflation since the global economy is in recession. Moreover countries experiencing huge capital inflows resulting in inflation can implement fiscal policy, such as imposing taxes, in order to contain the effects of foreign capital inflows which push up local stock prices and the currency itself. Every country should focus on its own monetary policy adjusting it to the problems that may experience. For example the US chose to inject more money in the economy. The results of such a decision are low interest rates, more exports but always with the risk of inflation. On the other hand a country experiencing high inflation might limit the money supply, increasing the interest rates with the risk of experiencing a decline in exports.

The Secret to Aceing Your TOEFL Essay Sample

The Secret to Aceing Your TOEFL Essay SampleIn this article, I'll show you how to ace your TOEFL essay sample. This is a test which is used by most schools to assess students' capability of speaking English as a second language.One of the most difficult parts of this test is to create a typical essay on anything other than normal topics. The test also has several difficult questions that have multiple right answers, including tricky words and complicated topics.Why is this exam so difficult? There are various reasons for this test's difficulty. But the one factor that really stands out is the fact that it will only ask a student to speak English as a second language with native speakers.The TOEFL is used by many different institutions to assess what students can really say when speaking to native speakers. This is done in order to make sure that students will be able to speak in an acceptable way with people who speak the same language. However, this is a very difficult task for a lo t of students to do.Why is this? Because this test is not taught in a regular classroom setting, but rather through the use of TOEFL essay samples.It is one thing to learn a few words and phrases, but it is quite another to write an essay on them, not knowing the exact meaning of those words and phrases. So, in order to ace this test, it is important that you understand the way the essay tests for your proficiency in the language.This is where TOEFL essay samples come in. There are hundreds of these, so it should be no problem finding a TOEFL essay sample to help you ace your TOEFL.Take some time to do a bit of research to find a quality TOEFL essay sample. If you need some help, I recommend searching online for TOEFL essay sample sets.